Slide sets

What is life and the chemical context of life-slide set

Water and the environment

Carbon chemistry

Macromolecules

Free energy and enzymes

1. Structure of Water and Hydrogen bonding

   1. Explain how the properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding affect its biological function in living systems.

      1. Cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat, ice floating

         1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. C.H.IL.D.S. (Cohesion/adhesion/Capillary action, High specific heat/high heat tolerance, Ice Loves to float, Dissolves many things, Surface tension)

         2. Khan academy Water properties video and lesson

2. Elements of life

   1. Describe the composition of macromolecules required by living organisms

      1. Carbon- carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

      2. Nitrogen-proteins and nucleic acids

      3. Phosphorus- nucleic acids and certain lipids

      4. Hydrogen-all

         1. Slide set from Fivable:

3. Introduction and properties of biological molecules

   1. Describe the properties of the monomers and type of bonds that connect the monomers of biological macromolecules.

      1. Hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis are used to cleave and form covalent bonds between monomers.

         1. Do not need to know specific nucleotides, amino acids, or carbohydrate polymers.

      2. Structure and function of polymers are derived from the way their monomers are assembled:

         1. Nucleic acids- information is encoded in sequence of nucleotide monomers. Each nucleotide has a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil). DNA and RNA differ in structure and function.

         2. Proteins: specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide (primary structure) determines overall shape. AA have directionality, with the amino (NH2) terminus and carboxyl (COOH) terminus. The R groups of an amino acid are categorized by properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionic). The interactions of R groups determine the structure and function of that region.

         3. Complex carbohydrates made of sugar monomers whose structure determines properties and function of molecules.

         4. Lipids: non-polar macromolecules: differences in saturation determine structure and function of lipids. Phospholipids contain polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and nonpolar regions that are often hydrophobic.

            1. Do not need to know specific lipid structures.

      3. Slide set from Fivable

4. Structure and function of biological molecules

   1. Explain how a change in the sub-units of a polymer may lead to structure and functional changes of the macromolecule.

      1. Directionality of the sub-components influences structure and function of the polymer:

         1. Nucleic acids have linear sequences of nucleotides that have ends, defined by the 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphates of the sugar in the nucleotide. During DNA and RNA synthesis, nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing strand- covalent bond between nucleotides.

         2. DNA is an anti-parallel double helix with each strand running in the opposite 5’ to 3’ orientation. A-T (2 hydrogen bonds) and C-G (3 hydrogen bonds).

         3. Proteins comprise linear chains of amino acids, connected by the formation of covalent bonds at the carboxyl terminus of the growing chain.

         4. Proteins have primary structure determined by the sequence of the amino acids. Secondary structures arise through local folding of the AA chain into Alpha-helices and beta-sheets. Tertiary structure is the overall 3D share-minimized free energy. Quaternary structure arises from interactions of multiple polypeptide units- the four elements determine the function

            1. Hemoglobin example

         5. Carbohydrates comprise linear chains of sugar monomers connected by covalent bonds. Carb polymers may be linear or branched.

   2. Activity/investigation questions

5. Nucleic acids

   1. Describe the structural similarities and differences of DNA and RNA

      1. Similarities

         1. Three components: sugar, phosphate groups and nitrogenous base- these form the nucleotide units that are connected covalently to form linear molecules with 5’ and 3’ ends. Nitrogenous bases are perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.

      2. Differences

         1. DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose

         2. RNA contains uracil, DNA contains thymine

         3. DNA is usually double stranded, RNA is usually single stranded. Viral exceptions

         4. DNA strands are anti-parallel in directionality

3.Activity/investigation questions